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Políticas e serviços públicos, como educação, saúde, previdência, infraestrutura e saneamento, são cada vez mais formulados e prestados por meio de diferentes níveis de governo (nacional, regional e local), criando desafios de coordenação e governança. O presente relatório descreve como os 33 tribunais de contas brasileiros podem aplicar a função de controle – como auditorias – para contribuir para maior eficácia e coerência das políticas públicas descentralizadas. O relatório apresenta os resultados de um projeto de 3 anos que visou aprimorar a atuação conjunta dos tribunais de contas, focando no setor da educação como área piloto para o teste da aplicação de indicadores na seleção estratégica de auditorias. O relatório propõe um referencial para que as instituições de auditoria possam avaliar a governança multinível e explora modelos de governança que podem ser adotados para garantir a colaboração entre os tribunais. Tais abordagens podem inspirar e informar outras entidades fiscalizadoras superiores que também sejam responsáveis por auditar políticas públicas e programas descentralizados envolvendo governos central, regional e local.
Public policies and services, such as education, health, welfare, infrastructure and sanitation, are increasingly developed and provided via different levels of government (national, regional and local), creating co-ordination and governance challenges. This report describes how Brazil’s 33 courts of accounts can use their oversight function – including audits – to help make such decentralised policies more effective and coherent. It presents the results of a 3-year project to improve how the courts can work together, using the area of education as a pilot for testing the use of indicators in the strategic selection of audits. The report offers a model for audit institutions to assess multi-level governance, and explores governance models for stronger collaboration among the courts of accounts in Brazil. These approaches may inspire and inform other supreme audit institutions with responsibilities for auditing decentralised policies and programmes involving central, regional and local governments.
For the first time, the OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project conducted comprehensive curriculum analyses through the co-creation of new knowledge with a wide range of stakeholders including policy makers, academic experts, school leaders, teachers, NGOs, other social partners and, most importantly, students. This report is one of six in a series presenting the first-ever comparative data on curriculum at the content level summarising existing literature, examining trends in curriculum change with challenges and strategies, and suggesting lessons learned from unintended consequences countries experienced with their curriculum reforms.
Schools are constantly under pressure to keep up with the pace of changes in society. In parallel, societal demands for what schools should teach are also constantly changing; often driven by political agendas, ideologies, or parental pressures, to add global competency, digital literacy, data literacy, environmental literacy, media literacy, social-emotional skills, etc. This “curriculum expansion” puts pressure on policy makers and schools to add new contents to already crowded curriculum. This report aims to support reflecting on questions such as “how to avoid creating a ‘mile wide – inch deep’ curriculum?” and “how to shift a paradigm to curriculum centred around student well-being?” It also discusses the trade-offs tied to design choices.
For the first time, the OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030 project conducted comprehensive curriculum analyses through the co-creation of new knowledge with a wide range of stakeholders including policy makers, academic experts, school leaders, teachers, NGOs, other social partners and, most importantly, students. This report is one of six in a series presenting the first-ever comparative data on curriculum at the content level summarising existing literature, examining trends in curriculum change with challenges and strategies, and suggesting lessons learned from unintended consequences countries experienced with their curriculum reforms.
This report highlights that economic, societal and environmental changes are happening rapidly and technologies are developing at an unprecedented pace, but education systems are relatively slow to adapt. Time lag in curriculum redesign refers to the discrepancies between the content of today’s curriculum and the diverse needs of preparing students for the future. The OECD Learning Compass can serve as a guide for adjusting to the new demands of education systems with regards to curriculum, pedagogies, assessments, governance structure, educational management, and the role of students. Innovative approaches to curriculum design that may minimise time lags include: digital curriculum; personalised curriculum; cross-curricular content and competency-based curriculum; and flexible curriculum.
ပထမအကြိမ်မူဝါဒသုံးသပ်ချက်ထုတ်ဝေခဲ့သည့် ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ်မှစ၍ ခြောက်နှစ်တိုင်မှသာ ဒုတိယအကြိမ် OECD ၏ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုမူဝါဒသုံးသပ်ချက်ကို ပြုလုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့သော်လည်း ကြားကာလအတွင်း မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသည် ရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုမူဝါဒနှင့် ဆက်စပ်သည့်ကဏ္ဍများတွင် သိသိသာသာ တိုးတက်မှုများ ရှိခဲ့ပါသည်။ မည်သို့ပင်ဆိုစေကာမူ လက်ရှိရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုဝန်းကျင် ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေးမှ အကျိုးအမြတ်ရရှိမှု ကျယ်ပြန့်ထင်ရှားလာစေရေးအတွက်ဖြစ်စေ၊ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ဆိုင်ရာ ရေရှည်တည်တံ့ခိုင်မြဲမှုနှင့် ရေရှည်တည်တံခိုင်မြဲမှုပန်းတိုင်များ (SDGs) ကို မျှော်ရည်ဆောင်ရွက်သည့် အလုံးစုံသော အထောက်အပံ့ပေးမှုများ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေးအတွက်ဖြစ်စေ ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုအရှိန်အဟုန်ကို စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ်စေဘဲ ပိုမိုနက်ရိုင်းစွာဆောင်ရွက်ရန် လိုအပ်ပါသည်။ ယခု ဒုတိယအကြိမ်သုံးသပ်ချက်တွင် လုပ်သာကိုင်သာရှိသော တာဝန်ယူမှုရှိသော စီးပွားရေးဝန်းကျင်ကို ပြုစုပျိုးထောင်ရေးနှင့် အကျိုးကျေးဇူးကို လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းများသို့ ကြီးကြီး မားမား မျှဝေပေးရေးတို့အတွက် ရွေးချယ်ထားသည့် မူဝါဒကဏ္ဍများတွင် ကျန်ရှိနေသေးသော စိန်ခေါ်မှုများကို ဆန်းစစ်ထားပြီး မကြာသေးမီက ရရှိခဲ့သော အောင်မြင်မှုများကို လေ့လာသုံးသပ်ထားပါသည်။ ထိုသို့သုံးသပ်ရာတွင် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံအနေဖြင့် SDGs များကို ဖော်ဆောင် ရေးနှင့် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံသားများ၏ လူနေမှုဘဝများတိုးတက်ရေးတို့ကို ဆောင်ရွက်ရာတွင် နိုင်ငံခြား ရင်းနှီးမြှုပ်နှံမှုသည် မည်သို့အထောက်အပံ့ပြုနိုင်ပုံနှင့် သက်ရောက်မှုကို အထူးဂရုပြုလေ့လာ ဆန်းစစ်ထားပါသည်။
Only six years sets this second OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Myanmar apart from the first review published in 2014, but much progress has occurred in investment policies and related areas in Myanmar in the interim. Nonetheless, the reform momentum needs to be sustained and deepened for the benefits of recent investment climate reforms to be shared widely and for growth to be environmentally sustainable, ultimately contributing toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This second review takes stock of recent achievements and assesses remaining challenges in selected policy areas for nurturing an enabling responsible business environment and ensuring benefits are shared with society at large. It places strong emphasis on impact and on how foreign investment can help Myanmar achieve the SDGs and improve the lives of the people of Myanmar.
The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts reviews of the individual development co-operation efforts of DAC members once every five to six years. DAC peer reviews critically examine the overall performance of a given member, not just that of its development co-operation agency, covering its policy, programmes and systems. They take an integrated, system-wide perspective on the development co-operation activities of the member under review and its approach to fragility, crisis and humanitarian assistance.
Belgium is a powerful voice for the cause of the least developed countries and fragile contexts, and a strong humanitarian partner. Committed to the principles of partnership, it empowers multilateral, civil society and private sector organisations to achieve their mandates. As Belgium emerges from a period of institutional reforms, this peer review provides recommendations to strengthen the management of its development co-operation policy. It also advises on how to take advantage of recent changes to reinforce the humanitarian-development-peace nexus, and improve the management of human resources.
Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) examine les efforts individuels de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres tous les cinq à six ans. Les examens par les pairs du CAD analysent la performance d’ensemble du membre considéré, et non pas seulement celle de son organisme de coopération pour le développement, et examinent les aspects ayant trait tant à la politique, aux programmes et aux systèmes de coopération. Ils couvrent dans leur globalité les activités de coopération pour le développement et d’aide humanitaire, ainsi que les approches vis-à-vis de la fragilité et des crises du membre soumis à examen en les replaçant dans le système envisagé dans son entier.
La Belgique est un avocat incontournable de la cause des pays les moins avancés ou en situation de fragilité, ainsi qu’un solide partenaire humanitaire. Attachée aux principes de partenariats, elle donne aux organisations multilatérales, de la société civile et du secteur privé les moyens de réaliser leur mandat. Alors que la Belgique sort d’une période de réforme institutionnelle, cet examen par les pairs donne des pistes pour renforcer le pilotage stratégique de sa coopération au développement, approfondir les synergies entre ses actions de développement, humanitaire et en faveur de la paix, et améliorer la gestion des ressources humaines.
The impact of COVID-19 on local jobs and workers dwarfs those of the 2008 global financial crisis. The 2020 edition of Job Creation and Local Economic Development considers the short-term impacts on local labour markets as well as the longer-term implications for local development. Chapter 1 explores the immediate local employment impacts of the crisis, the divides within and across local labour markets even prior to the pandemic, and the likely diverging recovery patterns. Chapter 2 considers the underlying trends that COVID-19 will accelerate (digitalisation, the automation of jobs and polarisation of skill profiles; a transition to greener jobs) or slow down (reconfigured global supply chains, concentration of the high skilled in largest cities). Chapter 3 explores local action in the recovery. It highlights the strategies to strengthen local employment services and training providers to meet the increased demand for job placement and skills upgrading, particularly for the most disadvantaged workers (youth, low-skilled, women) or business development to serve the hardest hit firms and sectors (tourism, culture, hospitality). It also considers strategies and tools to “rebuild better” by rethinking local development futures, taking advantage of the changing geography of jobs due to remote working or other opportunities such as the social economy. Individual country profiles are available online.
Lithuania’s economy is performing strongly and converging fast towards the most-developed OECD countries, driven by growing exports and investments and supported by a sound macroeconomic framework as well as a friendly business climate. For the first time since renewed independence, more people are settling in the country than leaving it. The peak of the COVID-19 crisis was one of the mildest in Europe, thanks to a well-functioning health system, effective containment measures and a relatively short lockdown. Yet prosperity is unevenly distributed across people and places. Further reform could help sustain achievements to date. Providing adequate income support for the needy, especially the elderly, and high quality social services, while improving integration into the labour market, could help reduce poverty. Stronger local and regional institutions, better education and skills particularly in rural areas and a more flexible housing market could make regional development more balanced. Finally, strengthening the regulatory framework, reducing the scope of state-owned enterprises and moving towards a low-carbon economy will help raise productivity while ensuring resilient and sustainable growth.
SPECIAL FEATURES: REDUCING POVERTY; FOSTERING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
La contraction de l’activité économique a été moins importante en Corée que dans d'autres pays de l’OCDE, grâce aux mesures rapides et efficaces prises par les autorités pour contenir la propagation de la COVID-19 ainsi qu’à l'ampleur du soutien public aux ménages et aux entreprises. Néanmoins, la pandémie a entraîné de fortes turbulences. Des incertitudes majeures pèsent sur les perspectives économiques mondiales et, partant, sur les perspectives des exportations, moteur incontournable de l’économie coréenne. La crise aura des effets durables sur certains secteurs économiques et nécessitera de ce fait d'importantes réallocations de ressources. L’impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 vient s’ajouter à des difficultés préexistantes, notamment le vieillissement rapide de la population et la faiblesse relative de la productivité dans certains pans de l’économie. La présente Étude, s’inspirant de la Stratégie de l’OCDE pour l'emploi, propose des mesures à même de favoriser la création d’emploi plus nombreux et de meilleure qualité, et de promouvoir une croissance plus inclusive. Elle montre également comment la poursuite de la transformation numérique pourra stimuler la croissance de la productivité, développer la compétitivité et accroître le bien-être.
This review provides policy recommendations on how to improve the Czech pension system, building on the OECD’s best practices in pension design. It details the Czech pension system and identifies its strengths and weaknesses based on cross-country comparisons. The Czech pension system consists of a mandatory pay-as-you-go public scheme and a voluntary private scheme. The public defined-benefit scheme has two main components: a contribution-based basic pension and an earnings-related pension. The review also describes the first layer of old-age social protection in the Czech Republic. The OECD Reviews of Pension Systems: Czech Republic is the sixth in the pension review series.
The 2020 edition of Health at a Glance: Europe focuses on the impact of the COVID‑19 crisis. Chapter 1 provides an initial assessment of the resilience of European health systems to the COVID-19 pandemic and their ability to contain and respond to the worst pandemic in the past century. Chapter 2 reviews the huge health and welfare burden of air pollution as another major public health issue in European countries, and highlights the need for sustained efforts to reduce air pollution to mitigate its impact on health and mortality. The five other chapters provide an overview of key indicators of health and health systems across the 27 EU member states, 5 EU candidate countries, 3 European Free Trade Association countries and the United Kingdom. Health at a Glance: Europe is the first step in the State of Health in the EU cycle.
This report offers guidance on how to prepare regions and cities for the transition towards a climate-neutral and circular economy by 2050 and is directed to all policymakers seeking to identify and implement concrete and ambitious transition pathways. It describes how cities, regions, and rural areas can manage the transition in a range of policy domains, including energy supply, conversion, and use, the transformation of mobility systems, and land use practices. It takes stock of discussions between academic and policy experts emanating from a series of high-level expert workshops organised in 2019 by the OECD and the European Commission. Bringing together frontier thinking and practical examples regarding the transition to a climate-neutral economy, the transition to a circular economy, the transition in cities, the transition in rural areas, and financing and scale-up of transition action, this report identifies cross-cutting lessons to support urban, regional, and rural decision makers in managing trade-offs and in promoting, facilitating and enabling environmental and energy transitions.
This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and high quality photographs to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the Root and Tubercle Vegetables standard. It is thus a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade of Root and Tubercle Vegetables.
What does teaching look like? What practices are most impactful? By directly observing teaching in the classroom, this study trialled new research methods to shed light on these key questions for raising student outcomes around the world. This report provides a detailed account of classroom management, social and emotional support, and instructional practices in the classrooms of eight countries and economies, drawing upon the observation of lesson videos and instructional materials, the analysis of teacher and student questionnaires, and the measurement of students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes.
The pace and scope of emerging technologies are creating a sea change for governments and for regulators. They challenge economic regulation by blurring the traditional definition of markets, for example, and by transcending administrative boundaries domestically and internationally. At the same time, the digital transformation is an excellent opportunity for regulators themselves to harness the power of data and digital tools to improve regulation and its delivery. Seizing this opportunity will require fit-for-purpose regulatory frameworks and governance arrangements. This report brings together case studies submitted by members of the OECD Network of Economic Regulators that highlight how regulators have analysed and tackled these issues. The case studies span nine countries and a wide range of sectors (communication, transport, energy, environmental protection) and provide concrete examples of how regulators are responding to innovation in the sectors that they oversee.
The Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India is a regular publication on regional economic growth, development and regional integration in Emerging Asia. It focuses on the economic conditions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. It also addresses relevant economic issues in China and India to fully reflect economic developments in the region. This November Update of the Outlook, following the Update 2020 released in July, presents a regional economic monitor, depicting the economic outlook and macroeconomic challenges in the region amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Le Luxembourg a progressé dans le découplage des pressions environnementales de la croissance économique, dans l’épuration des eaux usées et dans la gestion des déchets et des matières. Il s’est aussi placé comme un centre international de la finance verte. Mais il demeure l'une des économies à plus haute intensité carbone et matière de l'OCDE. Le pays est un carrefour pour le trafic de marchandises et attire quotidiennement des milliers de navetteurs transfrontaliers. Cela exacerbe les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, la pollution de l’air et la congestion routière. L'étalement urbain, la fragmentation des paysages et l'agriculture exercent de fortes pressions sur la biodiversité.
Pour orienter son économie vers un modèle plus vert, le Luxembourg s’est fixé des objectifs environnementaux ambitieux. Verdir la fiscalité, donner des signaux de prix plus forts, encourager l’éco-innovation et l’économie circulaire, intégrer la biodiversité dans toutes les politiques, et investir dans des infrastructures bas-carbone et la mobilité durable, devraient être des priorités.
Ce rapport est le troisième Examen environnemental du Luxembourg. Il évalue les performances en matière de croissance verte et de développement durable, avec des chapitres spéciaux sur deux enjeux majeurs : la qualité de l’air et la mobilité, et la biodiversité.
Luxembourg has made progress in decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth, treating wastewater and managing waste and materials. It has also positioned itself as an international centre for green finance. Yet, it remains one of the most carbon- and material-intensive economies in the OECD. The country is a crossroads for freight traffic and attracts thousands of daily cross-border commuters. This exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and road congestion. Urban sprawl, landscape fragmentation and agriculture exert strong pressures on biodiversity.
To steer its economy towards a greener model, Luxembourg has set ambitious environmental objectives. Greening taxation, providing stronger price signals, promoting eco-innovation and the circular economy, mainstreaming biodiversity into all policies, and investing in low-carbon infrastructure and sustainable mobility, should be priorities.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Luxembourg. It evaluates progress towards green growth and sustainable development, with special chapters focusing on two major issues: air quality and mobility, and biodiversity.